0:00 0 seconds Well, Richard, always a pleasure to speak to you. How's things been? 0:04 4 seconds Hi, Vinnie. I'm glad to be here with you. It's uh it's a pleasure. And um I'm doing fine. Tracy and I are doing great 0:10 10 seconds and I continue to do my work. I'm little bit behind schedule as I always seem to be in on whatever book project I'm 0:18 18 seconds working on. But uh the second volume of my history of USOS that is unidentified submerged objects won't be out before 0:26 26 seconds Christmas, but it will be out very soon after that. So, um, in the home stretcher just wrapping that up. Things are good. 0:32 32 seconds Good to hear. Great. And, yeah, very much looking forward to volume two of the the book. The first one was incredible. So, yeah, really exciting. 0:40 40 seconds Well, Richard, I mentioned to you just before we hit record here that I I wanted to take uh this interview back a few years and and really focus on the 0:48 48 seconds kind of research years through the 1990s into the 2000s and up to kind of everywhere pre207 because I think I feel 0:57 57 seconds like we've had a lot of new people come into the subject 2017 and onwards who may not be as familiar with some of the 1:04 1 minute, 4 seconds the researchers and the the cases and work that was being done before. So, I guess my first question would be, who 1:12 1 minute, 12 seconds were the researchers you paid the closest attention to back then? 1:16 1 minute, 16 seconds Well, it's funny. I started seriously researching the UFO subject. I would call it UFO in this case since that's 1:23 1 minute, 23 seconds what it was called at the time. I started researching it seriously in uh the early to mid 90s, so a little over 1:30 1 minute, 30 seconds 30 years ago now. And at that time, I mean, I started at ground zero. I had really no knowledge of uh the subject in 1:38 1 minute, 38 seconds any any way and [clears throat] I'd heard about it just like anyone else. 1:42 1 minute, 42 seconds I'd heard there were claims of a cover up and claims of this and that but I didn't really know until I started reading. So the uh what what I 1:51 1 minute, 51 seconds discovered is that from the 1940s into the '9s where I was at the time there is 1:58 1 minute, 58 seconds a very large body of of excellent UFO researchers who had come and gone. 2:04 2 minutes, 4 seconds and I kind of went through the uh the history of them all. Um so looking at the early uh 1950s and like the 2:12 2 minutes, 12 seconds immediate postWorld War II era when the so-called flying saucers as they were called originally were being discussed, 2:20 2 minutes, 20 seconds there were certain writers who really dug into this and probably the most prominent of that era would be uh 2:27 2 minutes, 27 seconds retired major Donald Kho. Kho was a a US major. He had been friends with a lot of 2:34 2 minutes, 34 seconds uh high level people in the Navy uh including the very first director of the CIA Rosco Helen Carter who had been a 2:41 2 minutes, 41 seconds Navy admiral. Uh Kho and Hill Carter had been classmates at Annapolis many many years before and he had a lot of other 2:48 2 minutes, 48 seconds connections in the military and Kho wrote a bunch of books on this in the 50s and u um his last book was actually in 1973. 2:58 2 minutes, 58 seconds So I read I dove into all of those and to read Kioho is to really get a feel 3:04 3 minutes, 4 seconds for uh the immediacy of this whole subject. It was like he's writing like a 3:11 3 minutes, 11 seconds journalist uh kind of sometimes even in a breath breathy breathless style. It's like okay are they going to are they going to make an announcement this year 3:19 3 minutes, 19 seconds next year? It's like you know it's 1953 and they were talking like this back then. Uh but what you also get with Kho 3:27 3 minutes, 27 seconds is a lot of um conversations that he had with high level people about this subject. You really get a sense of of 3:36 3 minutes, 36 seconds how seriously the US military and intelligence community did seem to be taking the subject of UFOs pretty much 3:45 3 minutes, 45 seconds right out of the gate. So there's Donald Kho. Uh there was a couple of other early people uh in from the American side of it. There was a very very famous 3:55 3 minutes, 55 seconds book from the 50s by a captain of the air force named Edward Rupelt. 3:59 3 minutes, 59 seconds Uh that was very important because Rupelt ran project blue book. I think many people may be familiar with that. 4:06 4 minutes, 6 seconds That was the official US Air Force study of these UFOs. And Rupelt ran it for a little while. And they wrote a book in 4:15 4 minutes, 15 seconds 1956. And uh it was a shocking book honestly because during the period of time in the 50s when the air force was 4:23 4 minutes, 23 seconds saying ah there's nothing to these flying saucers. It's all either misidentification of natural phenomena or hoaxes or psychopathological persons 4:32 4 minutes, 32 seconds who are behind it. They did say that. Uh here comes Rupelt with his book saying no as a matter of fact there were many 4:39 4 minutes, 39 seconds of these sightings that blew our minds and uh caused very high level conversations within the military. So, 4:46 4 minutes, 46 seconds Rupel told told a fascinating story and a funny thing about him, not so funny, uh, three three years later, he added 4:56 4 minutes, 56 seconds three chapters which totally debunked his original book in in a really, I have to say, childish way. I mean, his 5:04 5 minutes, 4 seconds original book was very mature. It was very well put together. And he tacks on these three chapters at the end which sounds like he's out of junior high 5:11 5 minutes, 11 seconds school uh making fun of people and engaging in ridicule. It's very unworthy of him. Uh and then as soon as he revised that he died of a heart attack 5:20 5 minutes, 20 seconds at the age of 37. Very strange. Rupelt u is um one of these interesting early 5:28 5 minutes, 28 seconds personalities of the UFO subject that's really always worth looking into. There were other early researchers, a a married couple named James and Coral 5:37 5 minutes, 37 seconds Lorenzan. Um they wrote many many books in the in the 60s and 70s and um I think probably into the 80s on this subject. 5:46 5 minutes, 46 seconds Um they were some of the earliest people to write about contact and abduction and uh I think they've always done very very excellent work and a lot of other folks. 5:56 5 minutes, 56 seconds Jay Allen Heinneck you know the astronomer who was the consultant to project blue book wrote several good books. Jacqu Valet back in the 1960s and 70s and 80s was writing very good books. 6:07 6 minutes, 7 seconds [clears throat] Timothy Good in the UK, one of the greatest UFO writers of all time, uh wrote several just monumentally 6:16 6 minutes, 16 seconds important books starting in the um really in the 80s is when he got going into his his full groove there. He wrote 6:24 6 minutes, 24 seconds uh the book above top secret which was the the book uh more than any other that prompted my own interest in this 6:31 6 minutes, 31 seconds subject. I was in a I was in a bookstore back in the early 90s and I saw above top secrets sitting on a shelf there and 6:38 6 minutes, 38 seconds it was a subtitle that really caught my attention, the worldwide UFO coverup. 6:44 6 minutes, 44 seconds And it's kind of a weird thing looking back at it now, but in the early 90s, [clears throat] you know, 6:51 6 minutes, 51 seconds there was always talk about a UFO cover up even back then. This wasn't this isn't a new thing. U and I thought, you 6:59 6 minutes, 59 seconds know, especially back then, I was doing a lot of serious study. I I was on track, I thought, to become a a professor of history at some university 7:07 7 minutes, 7 seconds that would take me. And I was studying American Cold War strategy. So, I'm all about the 1950s. And here's Timothy 7:14 7 minutes, 14 seconds Good. Uh, and I'm flipping through his pages and I'm I'm seeing literal like names of of uh people that 7:22 7 minutes, 22 seconds I was studying at that time. Uh, departments that I was studying at that time. And here he is putting them in 7:30 7 minutes, 30 seconds this totally different context of UFOs and cover-ups. And I'm thinking, what is going on here? My head was spinning. And I thought, is this real or is this BS? 7:40 7 minutes, 40 seconds And I bought the book and I thought I I don't like not knowing what is the answer to this question. Were UFOs taken 7:48 7 minutes, 48 seconds seriously by these people at in the highest levels of the national security community or not? It's a really simple 7:56 7 minutes, 56 seconds question. Not what were UFOs? Are they alien? Are they this or that? I I wasn't there yet. But Tim Good opened this 8:04 8 minutes, 4 seconds whole question up for me. It just hit me at the right moment at the right time. 8:08 8 minutes, 8 seconds And I, as I said, I bought the book and just went down that rabbit hole, which has kept me down there ever since. But Tim Good's work is uh extremely 8:17 8 minutes, 17 seconds important. Um, you know, he wrote really excellent books into the 21st century 8:23 8 minutes, 23 seconds right up until just before 2017. Uh, and I think he really retired at around that time. So I think his last book, uh, was 8:32 8 minutes, 32 seconds Earth and Alien Enterprise, which came around 2013 or so. And that is a an excellent book. Excellent book. So he 8:41 8 minutes, 41 seconds has a a massive mag a massive opus we could say. And um it's worth reading. Uh Linda Molton How wrote some very 8:49 8 minutes, 49 seconds interesting books back in the uh 80s and 90s, some very good books. Uh Stanton Freriedman and you know the list just 8:56 8 minutes, 56 seconds goes on and on and on. There's so much of eupfology. Uh there was some very good research. There was a gentleman named Jerome Clark. He's still around. 9:06 9 minutes, 6 seconds uh wrote some very excellent um books on like all aspects of the phenomenon. They 9:14 9 minutes, 14 seconds were really quite useful for me and books books and more books. They just don't stop. I don't I don't really know if people are about reading books quite 9:23 9 minutes, 23 seconds as much uh today as they were even 25 years ago when I uh 35 years ago when I started doing this. But that's how it 9:32 9 minutes, 32 seconds was for me. It was just one book after another. And then let me just not forget um perhaps a researcher that these days 9:40 9 minutes, 40 seconds uh has affected me the most and that might be Leonard Stringfield who was an American researcher. He was 9:48 9 minutes, 48 seconds really active actually back in the 1950s. Took some time off it seems to me in the 60s and then came back and began 9:55 9 minutes, 55 seconds to focus on stories of crash retrievals that is retrievalss of UFOs. And he he 10:02 10 minutes, 2 seconds did this you know, starting in the 1970s and he's just he lived in Dayton, Ohio, which is right near u one of the most 10:10 10 minutes, 10 seconds important US Air Force bases in the country, right, Patterson Air Force Base. So he had a lot of and plus he was ex-military 10:18 10 minutes, 18 seconds uh a lot of military people felt comfortable coming up to him and he just began collecting um at first just like a 10:26 10 minutes, 26 seconds handful and then more and then more and then suddenly like he's over a hundred different direct stories of uh from 10:35 10 minutes, 35 seconds mostly people from the US military who just old him about one or a different 10:41 10 minutes, 41 seconds aspect of alien bodies retrieval of alien technology and uh he put those together in a series of what he called 10:49 10 minutes, 49 seconds status reports. There were seven of them. Uh that's available on Amazon now. 10:53 10 minutes, 53 seconds You can buy the whole thing. It's kind of expensive, but it's some of the best UFO reading that's out there in my opinion. So, Leonard Stringfield, who 11:01 11 minutes, 1 second died um in 1994, which was really just about the first year that I went fullon into the UFO subject. So, I never really 11:10 11 minutes, 10 seconds got to meet him or talk to him. Uh that would have been great if I had But the um pre207 11:18 11 minutes, 18 seconds era of UFO research is extremely um was extremely active uh filled with a 11:28 11 minutes, 28 seconds lot of very brilliant people who were uh just dogged researchers in many many cases. And I've I mean there just so 11:35 11 minutes, 35 seconds many other names I've left out of this, but it's um it was a it's a full a very 11:41 11 minutes, 41 seconds full history. And those of us who are studying this now should be proud to be part of that history because there were 11:49 11 minutes, 49 seconds some honestly I'll just say some real giants of research and bravery back in those days. 11:56 11 minutes, 56 seconds Absolutely. I couldn't agree more. 11:58 11 minutes, 58 seconds mentioned some fantastic names, great researchers, great authors and I hope people watching or listening to this will pick up on some of those names and 12:05 12 minutes, 5 seconds go and look at those books because I think they are vital pieces of the puzzle uh for the conversation even to today. But you know you mentioned the 12:13 12 minutes, 13 seconds researchers but what about cases? Were there any cases that initially really made you think you know oh there's definitely something here because of that that or that? 12:22 12 minutes, 22 seconds Yes, for sure. Um, honestly though, I would say not so much the not as much the cases as some of the declassified 12:30 12 minutes, 30 seconds documents that I learned about. We can talk about cases too for sure because there's some great ones. But what I'll 12:38 12 minutes, 38 seconds just say is that, you know, in the uh again in the early mid 90s, my main goal was to ask myself 12:47 12 minutes, 47 seconds uh how serious was this phenomenon? Like how seriously did the United States military take it? And the reason I wanted to know that 12:56 12 minutes, 56 seconds uh was very simple. It was like all of these years the uh you know I I I'm over here in the states so I I'm focused on 13:03 13 minutes, 3 seconds the US government I guess but I would always notice like the US government continually would issue denial after 13:11 13 minutes, 11 seconds denial of anything having to do with the reality of UFOs. It was a non-stop refrain for them. And I thought okay 13:19 13 minutes, 19 seconds fair enough. But if there's any evidence that these encounters 13:26 13 minutes, 26 seconds uh generated serious military concern, then to my mind that would fly in the face of all of the denials. So that was 13:35 13 minutes, 35 seconds the first thing I wanted to look for. It wasn't that I thought the military cases were intrinsically more important than 13:42 13 minutes, 42 seconds civilian cases, but it was this particular angle that interested me. So I I soon became aware that there were a 13:51 13 minutes, 51 seconds large number of declassified documents pertaining to UFOs through the Freedom of Information Act, which really 13:58 13 minutes, 58 seconds only got going in uh in this country in the mid [clears throat] late 70s. 14:05 14 minutes, 5 seconds Um, and but by the time I was looking at this in the 90s and there were a lot of documents that had been declassified and so I just found out where they were and 14:13 14 minutes, 13 seconds I read them and I was I have to say I was kind of blown away. There were there were documents from the late 40s that 14:23 14 minutes, 23 seconds strongly indicated that these objects were not our own, were not Soviet Russian, were not belonging to any other 14:31 14 minutes, 31 seconds country and yet we're doing things uh like traveling at extreme speeds with in ex in incredible maneuverability far 14:39 14 minutes, 39 seconds beyond anything we were capable of. For example, there were I many people who are researchers may be familiar with the 14:47 14 minutes, 47 seconds famous Twining memo. I say famous in the UFO field. General Nathan Twining um was a three star, later became a four-star 14:54 14 minutes, 54 seconds general of the US Air Force and in September of 1947 just was writing in response to a query by another general about these flying saucers and Twining 15:03 15 minutes, 3 seconds said, "Yeah, it's it's real, not visionary or fictitious." That's the first thing he said. the phenomenon is real, not visionary or fictitious. So, 15:12 15 minutes, 12 seconds it's September 1947 and I'm I'm reading this and I'm thinking it's real according to this general who later 15:19 15 minutes, 19 seconds became chief of staff of the US Air Force. And then he goes on and he's got all these little basically bullet points describing 15:27 15 minutes, 27 seconds these craft from a military perspective and uh uh evasive maneuvers when cited, 15:34 15 minutes, 34 seconds silent or or almost always silent. That was interesting. And then my favorite uh domed on top uh flat on bottom domed on 15:43 15 minutes, 43 seconds top like like a flying saucer. And you just ask yourself it's like dude this is 1947 15:49 15 minutes, 49 seconds and um he's describing this in a memo that was at the time secret was only declassified decades later. And I just 15:58 15 minutes, 58 seconds was wondering like so did they ever figure this out? Did they ever did they ever resolve what the heck these things were? And then there are some other 16:06 16 minutes, 6 seconds documents from 1949 that really just grabbed me struck uh just struck me as astonishing. Um back at that time the 16:15 16 minutes, 15 seconds FBI was doing a little bit of investigation into these flying saucers also and the FBI had their military liaison that they were talking to and so 16:24 16 minutes, 24 seconds all these reports were going back to the FBI director Jay Edgar Hoover at the time. So, and we can read a lot of those 16:31 16 minutes, 31 seconds and again you see these documents where they they're talking about uh how the military in the southwestern US over 16:38 16 minutes, 38 seconds places like Los Alamos National Labs were tracking these objects moving at uh incred like multiple thousands of miles 16:46 16 minutes, 46 seconds per hour speeds uh at altitudes of 100,000 miles per hour which absolutely no aircraft that we had could reach that 16:55 16 minutes, 55 seconds altitude not even close at that time. uh and doing all these things over sensitive military installations and uh and I learned that they were they 17:04 17 minutes, 4 seconds gathered together a team of high level military scientists to study this and on and on. Uh the deeper I got the more 17:12 17 minutes, 12 seconds shocked that I was. Uh in terms of actual sightings, I mean it's almost too numerous to mention to be quite honest 17:19 17 minutes, 19 seconds about it, but there are some really excellent ones that uh I found uh you know, pretty remarkable 17:29 17 minutes, 29 seconds the top of my head. Uh well, there was uh one from 1953. This is another declassified document and it 17:38 17 minutes, 38 seconds took place over the Oakidge nuclear facility in the state of Tennessee. 17:42 17 minutes, 42 seconds another important place like you don't just take classified aircraft and hang out uh over places like this. is very 17:49 17 minutes, 49 seconds very significant like America's nuclear technology in the early 50s like there was very little that would be considered 17:56 17 minutes, 56 seconds more important than that other than UFO tech but nuclear technology very important and here you are at uh in 1953 18:04 18 minutes, 4 seconds an Oakidge technician reported this he says there is this uh black object that came in at an incredible speed and then stopped just stopped 18:14 18 minutes, 14 seconds and then he uh watched it go back and forth across the sky by at extreme rates of speed doing all of these non-inertial 18:23 18 minutes, 23 seconds turns like hard angle turns and the like. And then he said it was joined by two other of these same type of objects. 18:30 18 minutes, 30 seconds They formed a V formation and just shot off uh to the east at an incredible speed. And that was that was just one that's just like throw it in the pile. 18:40 18 minutes, 40 seconds You know, there's so many of these. And I will just say when I encountered these reports for the first time, the thing 18:48 18 minutes, 48 seconds that that disturbed me, it disturbs me still to this day if I can be honest about it was like, okay, so you've got 18:58 18 minutes, 58 seconds you've got many many reports of encounters like this that that's not a unique report. 19:06 19 minutes, 6 seconds And the the documents now have since been declassified. Like they are public domain since the late '7s. They have 19:14 19 minutes, 14 seconds been public domain. And I and I was thinking as I read it, where the hell is everyone talking about this? Why is this 19:22 19 minutes, 22 seconds still pushed to the sidelines the way it is? Were these people just all making mistakes? Were they all hallucinating? 19:29 19 minutes, 29 seconds Uh well, when you when I would read the responses of the military authorities and the intelligence community 19:36 19 minutes, 36 seconds authorities to these, they certainly seemed to be taking this very seriously. 19:43 19 minutes, 43 seconds And and uh you know, when I first when I first encountered Tim Good's book, you know, back in I think it was 1993, my 19:51 19 minutes, 51 seconds question was, did the US government take this seriously? And if they did, did they ever stop? And so I was constantly 19:58 19 minutes, 58 seconds trying to understand like was there evidence that our guys figured this out and they said, "Okay, check this off. 20:07 20 minutes, 7 seconds Let's move on." And the answer is no. 20:09 20 minutes, 9 seconds They never they never came to a situation where they figured it out. Not that I've ever been able to seen. They they have always been dealing with this 20:18 20 minutes, 18 seconds phenomenon that they clearly have no control over that clearly is not their own. And this is an important thing to 20:26 20 minutes, 26 seconds emphasize does not in the least look like blackbudget US tech and nor does it look like Russians Soviet blackbudget 20:34 20 minutes, 34 seconds tech of of that period of time. Um I mean we can go into all the reasons why I suppose but it just doesn't. So um 20:43 20 minutes, 43 seconds you know I became kind of uh enraptured by the UFO phenomenon early on like right out of the gate and I it has never 20:51 20 minutes, 51 seconds released its grip over me and over my life. uh just because it's such an incredible disconnect, you know, this 20:59 20 minutes, 59 seconds this reality that seemed to be so intense and so concerning to everyone at 21:06 21 minutes, 6 seconds the top of the of the national security food chain and yet not never got any love in official statements, was always ridiculed. 21:15 21 minutes, 15 seconds And you know, I I contrast it with our current era where it's a little bit different, but there are certain commonalities still even to this day. 21:23 21 minutes, 23 seconds Like, so since 2017, since we've had um some coverage in the 21:30 21 minutes, 30 seconds New York Times and elsewhere about this that were not reflexively ridiculing and did seem to take the subject somewhat 21:38 21 minutes, 38 seconds seriously. So, we've been able to have a bit more of a public conversation about UFOs. 21:44 21 minutes, 44 seconds However, from my perspective, understanding the subject, at least from where I'm I'm sitting here, uh I feel like we are 21:53 21 minutes, 53 seconds still, you know, not out of kindergarten here. We're taking real true baby steps in the manner of our conversation about 22:01 22 minutes, 1 second this subject. There is so much more so much more deep uh stuff going on with the UFO UAP phenomenon than 22:10 22 minutes, 10 seconds not only is the the establishment mainstream media not covering it, but I often feel like our own community of 22:18 22 minutes, 18 seconds researchers are not really fully covering certain aspects of this phenomenon that I think are very 22:24 22 minutes, 24 seconds important, very significant. And uh so we we have a long way to go in 22:31 22 minutes, 31 seconds terms of public education when it comes to this truly incredible subject of of UAP or UFOs. 22:40 22 minutes, 40 seconds We do. We really do. What about the community? Because we see this community that's growing quite quite rapidly at the moment, but at the same time they're 22:49 22 minutes, 49 seconds very much online and at loggerheads with each other. What was the community vibe like? let's say around the 90s into the 22:56 22 minutes, 56 seconds early 2000s, it wasn't much better. I mean, uh, when [laughter] I when I first started, 23:05 23 minutes, 5 seconds uh, researching this in the early 90s, there was a little baby internet that existed at the time, not even a web, but there was like news groups, used to be 23:13 23 minutes, 13 seconds called Usenet and bulletin boards. I guess the closest thing to it would be Reddit today, you know. Um, and the 23:21 23 minutes, 21 seconds first thing I noticed back then was people screaming, "You suck. No, you suck. I'm going to kill you." You know, they it was going on back then, too. Uh, 23:29 23 minutes, 29 seconds and then prior to that, prior to any internet, the UFO researchers was a much smaller club, you could say. You know, I 23:37 23 minutes, 37 seconds mean, think about it. Couple of journals, privately printed journals that had very minimal circulations, relatively speaking. Uh, the Muon UFO 23:45 23 minutes, 45 seconds Journal barely o ever cracked over 2,000 subscribers at any one time for most of that period. It was very restricted. So, 23:54 23 minutes, 54 seconds you could say it was a bit of an old boys club with a couple of couple of women were always in there, but it was just an old a restricted club with a lot 24:03 24 minutes, 3 seconds of rivalries, a lot of ego. That that stuff never stopped. Like, there's always egos. There's always people uh 24:11 24 minutes, 11 seconds protecting their turf. Uh I think there were turf wars going on back then as well and then you know new upstarts 24:18 24 minutes, 18 seconds trying to make their name. Uh it didn't really seem much different. What's different today is the scale and and 24:26 24 minutes, 26 seconds perhaps I could say what's different is that the arguments of an earlier era 24:34 24 minutes, 34 seconds um I don't want to overgeneralize here because I probably would make some mistakes but uh tended to be a little more informed about the subject matter 24:42 24 minutes, 42 seconds than probably today and and I think that's just to be expected because you just have so many people now uh can come 24:51 24 minutes, 51 seconds in and everyone's got an opinion And uh some of them are informed and many are not that well informed in my in 24:57 24 minutes, 57 seconds my opinion. So um I think you know what we have now I I have to honestly say 25:03 25 minutes, 3 seconds like I I do not ever follow discussions going on places 25:10 25 minutes, 10 seconds like X or any other social media. I just don't Other people do that and and I'm sure they need to. If I were to do that 25:18 25 minutes, 18 seconds I I think I would probably never get anything else done. So I just I just can't. Um but um 25:26 25 minutes, 26 seconds that is my sense. On the other hand, let me just say when I do research on almost anything and I end up at a place like 25:34 25 minutes, 34 seconds Reddit particularly uh I find a lot of like extremely wellthoughtout intelligent uh pieces of 25:42 25 minutes, 42 seconds research. So on many levels, I think we're we're benefiting greatly from having an online community the way that 25:50 25 minutes, 50 seconds we do. Yes, there are always people who will uh yell and scream with uninformed opinions about all kinds of things, but 26:00 26 minutes um there's also good good work out there as well. And I I don't know, you know, how can you uh how can we just sift out 26:08 26 minutes, 8 seconds the bad from the good? That's always a difficult task. But there is a lot that's good out that is out there. I I think so. Um 26:17 26 minutes, 17 seconds it's, you know, just is confusing. Um there's just so much I I think I should 26:24 26 minutes, 24 seconds be careful how I phrase this because uh I don't want to come across as saying like I know everything that's going on in the current discussions that are 26:32 26 minutes, 32 seconds happening today. I I don't think that I do. 26:35 26 minutes, 35 seconds Um, but what I do sense, one thing that is lacking, and I'm just going to take the opportunity to mention it here, is 26:44 26 minutes, 44 seconds an ongoing conversation about the sheer scale of this phenomenon, as far as I can tell, every single day. 26:54 26 minutes, 54 seconds Every day. And I say this because one thing that I like to do is track contemporary UFO reports that people uh 27:03 27 minutes, 3 seconds will write about. Um, there's one great online source that I have never stopped using. That's the National UFO Reporting 27:11 27 minutes, 11 seconds Center and you anyone can go there. It's open source. 27:16 27 minutes, 16 seconds Um, there are have always been things about that site that I wish were organized a little bit differently, but I beggars can't be choosers. I mean, 27:24 27 minutes, 24 seconds these people are at least doing the work and they're putting the cases out there. 27:28 27 minutes, 28 seconds And uh and then there's the MUON database and um there's now Enigma Labs which is putting out a database as well. 27:36 27 minutes, 36 seconds Although I haven't really successfully been able to um navigate through that database. Maybe I'm doing something wrong. But my point is that there's a 27:45 27 minutes, 45 seconds lot of um cases that are going on all the time. And I'm not saying every single one of them is an alien craft. 27:53 27 minutes, 53 seconds Obviously I'm not saying that. But I will say there's a lot of cases that I will review that just make me go, "Wow!" 28:01 28 minutes, 1 second when I read them. They're uh clearly they need investigation. Most of them will never get investigated, but that doesn't mean they're not fascinating and 28:10 28 minutes, 10 seconds and powerful. Like just read through them. They're incredible. Many of them are. Some are, you know, kind of boring 28:18 28 minutes, 18 seconds or not really all that much. But I guess my point here is that my [clears throat] sense is that there is active 28:26 28 minutes, 26 seconds active behavior on the part of these intelligences behind this every single day worldwide not just in one region of the world. they they seem to be 28:35 28 minutes, 35 seconds everywhere uh including uh in in large bodies of water which has been my recent focus of the last few years but also 28:43 28 minutes, 43 seconds everywhere and and in every kind of environment whether [clears throat] dense urban areas, rural areas, desert 28:52 28 minutes, 52 seconds areas, mountainous areas, forested areas, you know, you name it. Uh there's a lot going on that seems very difficult 29:00 29 minutes to explain and I have no doubt that more and more many of these can be explained by you 29:08 29 minutes, 8 seconds know off-the-shelf drone technology or other other kinds of advanced technology that we're developing all the time. Yes, of course. But some of these are just even on that basis difficult to explain. 29:20 29 minutes, 20 seconds So I think this is the big story. It's like you know we keep talking about disclosure. We're going to have disclosure. What's Congress going to do 29:26 29 minutes, 26 seconds next? Um, yeah, that's important. I I will never say that's not important, but I think we've lost a few conversations 29:35 29 minutes, 35 seconds here in the process and and that's one of them. It's like what who are these guys? What are they doing around the 29:42 29 minutes, 42 seconds world seemingly every day? What is so important for them that they are doing this without announcing themselves to us? 29:51 29 minutes, 51 seconds Not that we're so important, but we might like to know we're another intelligence operating here. And we can see that there's something else going 29:59 29 minutes, 59 seconds on. And yet they haven't done that. So there's a lot of very interesting questions to be asking about this phenomenon. And whether or not it 30:07 30 minutes, 7 seconds involves a sense of urgency or not is a whole other question. Many people believe it does. Some people maybe not 30:13 30 minutes, 13 seconds necessarily, but the fact is you've got what appears to be a very advanced, sophisticated intelligence that has been 30:23 30 minutes, 23 seconds operating here for at least a little while. They seem to do so with total confidence in themselves, total 30:30 30 minutes, 30 seconds confidence in their capabilities and being able to do everything they want without us being able to impede them in the least. Uh and on top of that they 30:38 30 minutes, 38 seconds have uh as I have seen now many times in my own research they have the ability to shut us down at the snap of a finger 30:45 30 minutes, 45 seconds with electromagnetic interference just shutting shutting our equipment down shutting electronics down. Uh this is very I think very easy for them to do 30:54 30 minutes, 54 seconds when they want to. So they just uh they have their way and that could be bad or that could be okay, but it seems to be 31:04 31 minutes, 4 seconds going on and it just doesn't it doesn't seem to be as much part of uh the broader conversation. I just continually notice this. 31:13 31 minutes, 13 seconds Yeah, I agree. I agree. I mean, sticking with your research over the years since the early '9s, has your research style 31:20 31 minutes, 20 seconds or how you research things changed as we've, you know, gotten, you know, the internet being so accessible now and but 31:29 31 minutes, 29 seconds at the same time there maybe being even more misinformation out there. How have you navigated that that through your research? 31:35 31 minutes, 35 seconds Yeah, I have to be care now. Now we're in a GPT era, right? We're in an AI era where uh these dangers continue. So 31:43 31 minutes, 43 seconds yeah, my my style has changed. So when I started in the 90s, it was basically all books. And um and these guys, these are 31:51 31 minutes, 51 seconds little pencils. Remember those? So I would I would read a book and I would every time I came across a relevant fact, I would do a little check mark in 31:59 31 minutes, 59 seconds the margin. And then when I finished the book, I would go back over it and every check would go into my own database that 32:06 32 minutes, 6 seconds I would write up for myself. And I would put all of those facts in a chronological order with the citation with the page number where I found it. 32:14 32 minutes, 14 seconds And I would do this I did this for hundreds of books. So it was a very uh old school analog method of doing it. 32:21 32 minutes, 21 seconds The advantage of it was that it actually forced me to learn the data in a much more uh intimate way than if I were just 32:30 32 minutes, 30 seconds copying and pasting from a website which is much more what I will do now. I mean I will totally say that. But when I 32:38 32 minutes, 38 seconds uh but my entry into this field was rewriting massive uh texts from all of 32:47 32 minutes, 47 seconds the original sources and I think it it made a deep imprint on my own psyche so that I think it's helped me have a very 32:54 32 minutes, 54 seconds good memory of of of cases and all this type of thing. uh as time went on and as we developed, you know, better um 33:03 33 minutes, 3 seconds capability with the web, even before AI, as I just mentioned, I would uh a lot of my research I would do online, of 33:10 33 minutes, 10 seconds course, and find texts or bits of information that were useful to me, and I would uh save those documents, of 33:18 33 minutes, 18 seconds course, digitally or copy and paste them into my own system, but continue with my chronological u database, which I I still maintain. 33:29 33 minutes, 29 seconds So, uh, so that that allowed me to get more information, but I' I haven't always been sure that it's it's helped 33:36 33 minutes, 36 seconds my mind as much. Uh, the information is there, so I've got it and I can access it. So, that's I guess that's the good 33:43 33 minutes, 43 seconds part. So, I I've spent all of these years building my own uh private database of UAP UFO related information, 33:52 33 minutes, 52 seconds and that's been quite valuable. At the same time though, so now in the last few years since GPT has been available to all of us, myself included. So I I have 34:01 34 minutes, 1 second discovered as I'm sure everyone has discovered, you cannot trust the factuality of chat GPT or whatever large language model is out there. 34:12 34 minutes, 12 seconds So um so that has been 34:19 34 minutes, 19 seconds I I think like for me um GPT actually is useful and I think you know it's important to recognize the many good 34:27 34 minutes, 27 seconds things that it can do. Um if I want a summary of a certain case I 34:35 34 minutes, 35 seconds can I can get that. if I want uh all kinds of all kinds of summary information. 34:41 34 minutes, 41 seconds Um I think that's quite useful too. I mean the thing is with with artificial intelligence 34:50 34 minutes, 50 seconds uh you know I know people have mixed feelings about it. Some people are like it's amazing which it is amazing. It can be amazing and others are like it's 34:59 34 minutes, 59 seconds cheating and it produces a lot of slop writing which all of that is true but as a tool it's it's not going away. It 35:08 35 minutes, 8 seconds is it is here to stay. Uh this is this is exactly true. There's a statement I read from 5,000 years ago from ancient 35:16 35 minutes, 16 seconds Egypt. Uh I should look for it again. It it exists. I I swear it exists. So there was an ancient Egyptian who was 35:24 35 minutes, 24 seconds complaining, if you can believe it, over this new thing called writing. And his complaint 35:31 35 minutes, 31 seconds was, you know, we used to be able to remember everything, which was true, you know, because you had to. And and he was essentially 35:40 35 minutes, 40 seconds stating truly and truthfully that with writing, we didn't really have to remember all these things because if you wrote it down, it was always there and 35:47 35 minutes, 47 seconds it was kind of like a lazy way out. And what he was saying was technically true, but we can also see the larger picture, 35:55 35 minutes, 55 seconds which was that writing was extremely helpful to us by allowing us to store all kinds of information uh that we need to store. You can't just keep it all in 36:04 36 minutes, 4 seconds your head. And AI is kind of like that on a on a in terms of information 36:10 36 minutes, 10 seconds management. Uh AI is uh just the latest step, the latest 36:17 36 minutes, 17 seconds iteration of how we uh humanity are 36:23 36 minutes, 23 seconds able to uh to manage massive amounts of data, which is really what this is all about. You know, we we we developed 36:32 36 minutes, 32 seconds spoken language, then we developed written language. All of those are data management tools when you really get right down to it. 36:40 36 minutes, 40 seconds um hell we developed mathematics which is a kind of data management in a sense I guess you could say uh and then we developed all these other methods of 36:48 36 minutes, 48 seconds managing data we developed spreadsheets that's a form of data management and and all these other tools that we've you know we created encyclopedias eventually 36:56 36 minutes, 56 seconds and and all these other systems by which we try to store knowledge and so really 37:05 37 minutes, 5 seconds uh with the algorithms that we collectively know as as large language models or AI I uh I think you know there's always a 37:14 37 minutes, 14 seconds learning process there to figure out like how how do I use this tool most effectively with the least amount of 37:22 37 minutes, 22 seconds distortion and um I think you know some of us are we're all still trying to figure this out in our own way but 37:30 37 minutes, 30 seconds that's what I think of it now I mean there's there's a lot there's certain downsides to u perhaps an overdependency 37:38 37 minutes, 38 seconds on AI have no doubt about that. But the reality is um we're using this tool 37:46 37 minutes, 46 seconds because we really can't help it because it's just there. And we are we are in a system by which we are constantly 37:54 37 minutes, 54 seconds upgrading uh attempting to upgrade our ability to manage and handle information. 38:00 38 minutes Ultimately, that's really what this is all about. We're in a datadriven world, a datadriven universe, and we are 38:07 38 minutes, 7 seconds consumers of data and users of data, and AI is just simply another another tool along that that path. And I I suspect 38:15 38 minutes, 15 seconds that there will be better and better versions of that AI as we move forward. 38:20 38 minutes, 20 seconds And what that will do to our world is is the utopian nightmare. I can put 38:27 38 minutes, 27 seconds those together that we'll all be uh living through. I have no doubt. Utopia, dystopia, we'll we'll just have to see. 38:33 38 minutes, 33 seconds We will we'll see. Indeed. Now, a a lot of people these days, whether it be journalists or even some UFO researchers, have a lot of or they rely 38:43 38 minutes, 43 seconds heavily maybe on sources and sometimes an anonymous sources and some people 38:50 38 minutes, 50 seconds really don't like that. Was that always the case back in the 90s as well? Was it was were people using a lot of sources? 38:56 38 minutes, 56 seconds And I mean, what was there a vetting process that may have been different to how it would be done now and things like that? 39:01 39 minutes, 1 second It was just as tricky back then as it is today. And uh no, there were researchers. I mentioned Leonard 39:08 39 minutes, 8 seconds Stringfield a little earlier. He uh quite a few of the dramatic cases that 39:15 39 minutes, 15 seconds were given to him or told to him were from sources that had to remain anonymous. Uh this was in fact very 39:23 39 minutes, 23 seconds frequently the case with Stringfield and it was something by the way that other researchers many of them criticized him for. They were they were very unhappy 39:31 39 minutes, 31 seconds about this back in the late 70s early 80s. Stringfield's coming up with you know more and more of these cases. Some some security guarders saw dead bodies 39:39 39 minutes, 39 seconds of an alien of dead alien bodies at Wright Patterson Air Force Base or all these types of things. And he was uh 39:46 39 minutes, 46 seconds frequently criticized for not revealing those sources. String bell's answer was very simple. It's like look these people would not have come to me at all if they 39:56 39 minutes, 56 seconds thought I was going to reveal their identity. That's just that is the reality and it was the reality then and 40:02 40 minutes, 2 seconds it is the reality today. In uh the 1990s since you were mentioning that decade that was a a very uh potent decade for 40:11 40 minutes, 11 seconds all kinds of leaks and rumors of all types late 80s early 90s I should say. 40:17 40 minutes, 17 seconds Um, this was the time period in when the world first learned about a guy named Bob Lazar, you know, in the late '8s who 40:24 40 minutes, 24 seconds said, "I went to this place called S4 and saw these, uh, this perfect flying saucer. It looked like a sports model to 40:30 40 minutes, 30 seconds me. It was amazing." Well, uh, Lazar was one of these people who was, uh, you 40:38 40 minutes, 38 seconds know, vehemently attacked for years by all kinds of research. Stanton Freriedman, who I I knew very well and 40:45 40 minutes, 45 seconds appreciated Stan, but Stan, I have to just say, was was very very tough on Lazar unfairly. So, my own personal 40:53 40 minutes, 53 seconds opinion. Um, but there was always these arguments over over like, you know, how reliable is this source or that source? 41:02 41 minutes, 2 seconds And then you had um you had a fellow by the name of Bill Cooper, William Cooper, back in the early 90s particularly 41:09 41 minutes, 9 seconds who was one of those who was instrumental in bringing up the the deeper, let's say, conspiratorial 41:17 41 minutes, 17 seconds angles of of eupfology at the time. Uh Cooper's book to this day, Behold it, Behold a Pale Horse, is still one of the 41:25 41 minutes, 25 seconds top selling UFO books in all of Amazon to to this day. Uh but what he did was talk about 41:33 41 minutes, 33 seconds conspiracies as he understood them by the Bilderberg Group and talked about a group called the Jasons and a lot of these others. And Cooper's sources like, 41:43 41 minutes, 43 seconds you know, people were asking, "Where the hell are you getting this from, man? How how do you know this information? Uh so 41:53 41 minutes, 53 seconds and uh to let me just say Cooper had defenders but he also had a lot of lot of people in the research field who did 42:02 42 minutes, 2 seconds not think highly of his research and did not think highly of his conclusions. 42:07 42 minutes, 7 seconds Um and it always comes down to how do you trust sources or not? You know, back in the 1980s, we first encountered the 42:14 42 minutes, 14 seconds MJ12 documents. [clears throat] Probably to this day, the most controversial document release that 42:21 42 minutes, 21 seconds Eupfology has ever had. You know, seven seven pages of uh [clears throat] what alleged to be a presidential 42:29 42 minutes, 29 seconds briefing document. Um and uh allegedly talks about, you know, crash of UFOs at 42:36 42 minutes, 36 seconds Roswell and uh elsewhere. and um signed supposedly by Harry S. Truman and 42:44 42 minutes, 44 seconds and there's a lot of you know and then there's these other documents that follow up on them which we call collectively the Majestic documents. 42:51 42 minutes, 51 seconds They started coming out in the '9s and they are to this day still curated by Ryan Wood um as well as his late father 42:59 42 minutes, 59 seconds Bob Wood when Bob was around. Uh the majestic documents are fascinating to watch, but they are of an unproven 43:06 43 minutes, 6 seconds provenence, shall we say. And so there's always these arguments about is this real or am I just wasting my time by 43:14 43 minutes, 14 seconds reading them. Uh so this is this is an old old story. Um and by the way, I am 43:21 43 minutes, 21 seconds not necessarily saying that I think all of the majestic documents are fakes. I actually don't believe that they are they're all fakes, but but they are of 43:30 43 minutes, 30 seconds unproven provenence and sources and they are therefore difficult to this day for 43:38 43 minutes, 38 seconds many researchers to uh incorporate into their knowledge of the phenomenon like they just exclude it. So no, we we've been in a messy field for a long time. 43:50 43 minutes, 50 seconds Long long time with lots of arguments, lots of egos, lots of uh fingerpointing, uh name calling. I mean, it's really 43:59 43 minutes, 59 seconds never stopped. So, welcome to the jungle. [laughter] I mean, you mentioned there Bob Lazar and obviously he's associated with 44:08 44 minutes, 8 seconds reverse engineering and and we've heard of, you know, the big cases like Roswell with crashes and and that, but was there ever in your research in the early days, 44:16 44 minutes, 16 seconds was there ever any anything pointing towards there being a bigger overarching legacy program like we talk about today? 44:27 44 minutes, 27 seconds Yes, I would say um again, I'm going to point to Stringfield's research on this because I really think his is the best. 44:33 44 minutes, 33 seconds although not the only research but when you when you go into the many many cases that he collected 44:41 44 minutes, 41 seconds um which unfortunately he never put together into a coherent like historical narrative. He never did that. And and so 44:49 44 minutes, 49 seconds we're left with all of these different cases. But if you go through that, you see a powerful case for a legacy program 44:56 44 minutes, 56 seconds to handle uh both tech alien technology and bodies both going back to the 1940s. 45:04 45 minutes, 4 seconds I think I think this is something that some maybe I'll have to do this myself like do a kind of 45:12 45 minutes, 12 seconds overarching comprehensive retelling of strength build story. it really needs to be done. Um 45:20 45 minutes, 20 seconds maybe maybe that's a project I'll do one day. But suffice to say that 45:26 45 minutes, 26 seconds he makes his his uh witnesses make a powerful case that right from the 45:34 45 minutes, 34 seconds beginning of this phenomenon in that the military became aware in the 1940s Wright Patterson Air Force Base was probably the key node in the whole 45:43 45 minutes, 43 seconds system of secrecy. So that bodies and tech went there first. 45:49 45 minutes, 49 seconds um in later years not necessarily there first but initially yes everything I 45:55 45 minutes, 55 seconds think went to right Pat and uh there was a system in place for this and and it's described by many different people uh 46:04 46 minutes, 4 seconds beyond Strainfield you know um researcher James Clarkson who uh James James is still around I don't know how active he is now but he he interviewed 46:14 46 minutes, 14 seconds one amazing lady years ago before she died. Her name was June Crane 46:20 46 minutes, 20 seconds and she was a um kind of a senior admin assistant or admin administrative assistant at Wright Patterson like 46:29 46 minutes, 29 seconds secretary but someone who was there for a while who knew a lot and she was exposed to a lot and toward the end of 46:37 46 minutes, 37 seconds her life and she was talking with James I think it was in the late 90s. Um the book is called Tell My Story and it's it's an easy download. You can read the 46:46 46 minutes, 46 seconds ebook. It's super easy to read. Uh, fascinating. But she also talks about uh the specific procedures in place at a 46:54 46 minutes, 54 seconds place like Wright Patterson Air Force Base to receive the bodies, what it was like. Um, she did see uh certain 47:04 47 minutes, 4 seconds artifacts I believe and and certainly lots of documents and spoke to a lot of the individuals there uh about the 47:12 47 minutes, 12 seconds subject. And if people are incredulous that that a a mere secretary would get knowledge of this, well, they should 47:18 47 minutes, 18 seconds think again. It was the 1950s. And I'm not saying that there were no secrecy protocols that were in place 47:26 47 minutes, 26 seconds back then, there were. But every indication that I have when I look at the culture of the 50s is that that that 47:34 47 minutes, 34 seconds culture of secrecy was not as tight as it became later. I think a lot of people talked quietly. 47:41 47 minutes, 41 seconds Um, and you know there was a sense of patriotism that all of those people had. 47:48 47 minutes, 48 seconds So when they encountered a secret, they were not inclined to just reveal it. But a number of these people did so toward 47:56 47 minutes, 56 seconds the end of their lives. There were a lot of uh like deathbed type confessions that different researchers got. None of these were famous, but they were usually 48:04 48 minutes, 4 seconds written about and and got a limited very limited circulation among researchers back then. But um I forget what your your original question was there Vinnie 48:13 48 minutes, 13 seconds but I I guess I would just say there was definitely a legacy program like looking at the old early research 48:22 48 minutes, 22 seconds I think absolutely there was a very strong legacy program also you know the books of um Stanton Freriedman um Kevin 48:31 48 minutes, 31 seconds Randall Don Schmidt uh Tom Kerry you know writing about crash retrievals as they did uh have a lot to say on this as 48:40 48 minutes, 40 seconds well. And I think those books collectively make a very strong case for a legacy program as well. 48:46 48 minutes, 46 seconds And was there a particular era that you can maybe think of where the aerospace and private industry really came into 48:53 48 minutes, 53 seconds that conversation as well early on? I I believe um there's one organization known as the Battel 49:01 49 minutes, 1 second Memorial Institute. They are also uh near Dayton, Ohio. 49:08 49 minutes, 8 seconds And they um I I think to this day, if I'm not mistaken, but certainly for years and years, had perhaps the most 49:15 49 minutes, 15 seconds advanced material science um capability maybe in the world. These are high level experts what they do and 49:24 49 minutes, 24 seconds they have always done a a great amount of contract work for the United States Air Force and there has been I think 49:31 49 minutes, 31 seconds very good research for many many years indicating that Battel acquired uh ro the Roswell wreckage and 49:40 49 minutes, 40 seconds used that um perhaps to create a a material known as nitanol which is you know when you hear about the Roswell material that 49:47 49 minutes, 47 seconds just crumbles and then folds right back into shape with no wrinkles. Well, Nitanol is said to be derived from that. 49:54 49 minutes, 54 seconds Uh there actually is a a book that deals with the Battel connection to Roswell and to industry. Um I have it on my 50:04 50 minutes, 4 seconds shelf. I I don't I don't want to get up and walk across the room to get it and I cannot remember its name, but it um it 50:11 50 minutes, 11 seconds does describe a scientist named John Center. less famous center who was involved at Patel who spoke uh he had 50:19 50 minutes, 19 seconds access to this stuff in the late 50s early 60s and did talk about it like we have no idea where this stuff came from. 50:26 50 minutes, 26 seconds It was off the charts advanced and and on and on and on. It says you know all the talk was this was a flying saucer from an actual UFO. [snorts] So there 50:35 50 minutes, 35 seconds there's a not an open and shut case but not a bad case either to indicate that Battel was involved. other private 50:42 50 minutes, 42 seconds contractors as well. There has always been talk about Loheed Martin. There has always been talk about Northrup um and 50:50 50 minutes, 50 seconds Boeing and General Dynamics and Rathon uh and uh SCAK special applications um 50:59 50 minutes, 59 seconds sic that stand that's out of that's you know NSA West um run for a while by 51:05 51 minutes, 5 seconds Bobby Rayinman and um very very close to defense contractors uh excuse me very close to the Pentagon 51:14 51 minutes, 14 seconds and has long been rumored to have connections with UFO Tech. Uh I I think it it certainly must. 51:23 51 minutes, 23 seconds So, um I think contractors got into the game immediately because if you're the if 51:31 51 minutes, 31 seconds you're the US Army um and you you've acquired this technology, so let's say you're running the army. 51:41 51 minutes, 41 seconds Well, you know, you have very smart people working in the US Army. But if you want to um 51:49 51 minutes, 49 seconds if you want to replicate this or study it or analyze it, you're you're going to have to shop it out to private industry. 51:56 51 minutes, 56 seconds Like you you can't not do that. Um they're the people who have the resources, they have the scientists, 52:05 52 minutes, 5 seconds uh they have the capability of doing and they're the people who make things for you to begin with. So, and and plus when you retire, you're probably going to go 52:13 52 minutes, 13 seconds work for them at a at a really nice salary. So, you're going to have a very good relationship with with private industry and you're going to shop out 52:21 52 minutes, 21 seconds your technology and your hardware to them. And I think that's exactly what happened early on with this with this 52:28 52 minutes, 28 seconds technology. Uh it's too powerful to leave alone. I mean, the United States in the late 40s and early 52:37 52 minutes, 37 seconds 50s was certainly not interested in sharing its nuclear technology with anyone. You know, up until 1949, the US 52:44 52 minutes, 44 seconds had a monopoly of atomic bombs. Uh we knew that the Russians were working on it. We knew that the Russians had spies 52:51 52 minutes, 51 seconds trying to get our atomic secrets. We were certainly not willing to share it though with anyone. Uh so imagine the same thing with alien tech. 53:01 53 minutes, 1 second you would you would definitely not want anyone to have access to that tech. You would do everything possible to exploit 53:08 53 minutes, 8 seconds it for your own uh your own understanding of it, your own knowledge, your own benefit, create your own weapons, you know, all of this. And so 53:17 53 minutes, 17 seconds this would be an extremely important um unstated part of the Cold War, 53:24 53 minutes, 24 seconds this uh kind of covert research into alien tech and weapons development. And now we are starting to hear uh we've 53:32 53 minutes, 32 seconds heard from people like David Grush, you know, multiple times um that this in fact is an important aspect of what is going on 53:40 53 minutes, 40 seconds behind the scenes. And I'm not even saying that Grush is the ultimate authority here, but I am saying he's 53:50 53 minutes, 50 seconds someone with a a good classified background who is at least in a decent position to make this statement. And I 53:58 53 minutes, 58 seconds think that very much agrees with my own conclusions that I've come to over many years and probably other researchers too. 54:05 54 minutes, 5 seconds Sure. Sure. And what's the disclosure effort been looked like for you over the years? Disclosure has just banded about 54:12 54 minutes, 12 seconds every day in all sorts of ways, but was that always a thing? I mean, we have a lot of sort of citizen-led efforts uh to kind of push for 54:20 54 minutes, 20 seconds disclosure now. What was it like back in the 90s? 54:24 54 minutes, 24 seconds Uh it was a constant drum beat. You know, it every decade had a uh kind of a disclosure moment where people thought it might just happen. Might just happen. 54:35 54 minutes, 35 seconds Back in the 50s, 1952, there was a massive wave of these flying saucers, including two weekends in a row over the 54:44 54 minutes, 44 seconds over the capital in Washington DC. Uh air traffic controllers on the second weekend really thought, "Oh my god, this 54:51 54 minutes, 51 seconds might just be the time when we have to make an announcement." Like, so that was 1952. And then in the 1960s there was 54:58 54 minutes, 58 seconds another crescendo of UFO sightings that culminated uh with there was one day of congressional hearings in 1966 and 55:06 55 minutes, 6 seconds another one in ' 68 and then there was a contract with the University of Colorado uh to do a formal scientific study of this and and at that time there were 55:15 55 minutes, 15 seconds people who thought okay Colorado is going to take care of this. We're going to find out the truth. Well the Colorado study had its own problems and no we did 55:23 55 minutes, 23 seconds not find out the truth. But then came the 1970s when the Freedom of Information Act was strengthened and led to uh at the time what seemed to be like 55:32 55 minutes, 32 seconds an avalanche of declassified UFO documents. So that by the late '7s some researchers were 55:40 55 minutes, 40 seconds openly wondering like are we going if we shake this tree enough and enough documents fall out are we going to get 55:47 55 minutes, 47 seconds the magical document that proves a true UFO reality and cover up? And I mean 55:54 55 minutes, 54 seconds there were many documents that when you take them together make a very strong case for this. But you know again 56:01 56 minutes, 1 second there was this hope that we might just be able to make a breakthrough. Uh during the 1980s it was a decade that was more of a decade of of kind of unauthorized leaks and things like that. 56:13 56 minutes, 13 seconds You know the MJ12 documents and then Bob Lazar at the end of the decade. But then in the 90s there was a genuine uh 56:20 56 minutes, 20 seconds crescendo. You know, the Roswell case uh was picking up a lot of steam in the late 80s, early 90s. People forget this. 56:27 56 minutes, 27 seconds We think of Roswell like, "Oh, we've always known about Roswell." No, we haven't always known about Roswell. 56:32 56 minutes, 32 seconds Roswell was forgotten for many decades after it occurred. Totally forgotten. 56:38 56 minutes, 38 seconds Um, and it really only started picking up steam in the 1980s, and that was slow. So, by the early 90s, by then 56:46 56 minutes, 46 seconds there was a fair amount of public discussion about Roswell. There was the concern 56:54 56 minutes, 54 seconds uh in the air force. I I believe that too much emphasis on this was probably not a welcome development and the air 57:02 57 minutes, 2 seconds force did its own uh made its own maneuvers to kind of kneecap the whole Roswell movement which they did quite successfully. This was when the Air 57:09 57 minutes, 9 seconds Force put out their own reports in 1994 and then in 907 about Roswell being first a mogul 57:18 57 minutes, 18 seconds balloon that is a a balloon test to detect when the Russians would have their own atomic bomb and we send up 57:25 57 minutes, 25 seconds these balloons. That all that is true, but to pin Roswell on that was kind of laughable. Uh to this day, I think it 57:32 57 minutes, 32 seconds was a a bad joke, but people still some of them take it seriously. 57:37 57 minutes, 37 seconds So there was this but they they did that because it was a crescendo and this belief that the UFO the argument of a 57:45 57 minutes, 45 seconds UFO conspiracy was gaining ground and and people wondered like are we are we going to make a breakthrough here. 57:54 57 minutes, 54 seconds Well, it didn't happen. And then by the early 2000s, you have a more formal disclosure movement with the word 58:02 58 minutes, 2 seconds disclosure now being used pretty much for the first time. Um Steven Greer, I'm going to guess, was really the person 58:10 58 minutes, 10 seconds who brought that word out into prominence and he wrote a book by that name called Disclosure. 58:17 58 minutes, 17 seconds And uh it's actually a very good book because it's interviews with a lot of very interesting people that um and that 58:25 58 minutes, 25 seconds all culminated in the disclosure press conference of 2001 which uh you know at the time and even in 58:34 58 minutes, 34 seconds retrospect was very much a big deal in the UFO field. Uh again the idea was well we're going to force this issue open. We're gonna come out with a very 58:42 58 minutes, 42 seconds strong statement of factual truths about this phenomenon and we're going to force the United States government to make an 58:50 58 minutes, 50 seconds admission about this. And and we've seen after that there were a a non-stop 58:56 58 minutes, 56 seconds series of of of conferences and events that were geared toward disclosure. Uh Steven Basset, very good friend of mine, 59:05 59 minutes, 5 seconds many people know Steve, organized the so-called X-conferences for years and years. I spoke at every single one of those from 2004 uh until that ran its 59:14 59 minutes, 14 seconds course after 2010 uh all in Washington DC all with the uh intention of getting 59:22 59 minutes, 22 seconds the attention of Congress and then probably I think Steve's culminating event might be the citizens hearing on 59:29 59 minutes, 29 seconds disclosure in 2013 which again I was very much a part of that where uh certain retired members of Congress and 59:37 59 minutes, 37 seconds the Senate uh agreed to convene uh a week long series of of of testimony 59:46 59 minutes, 46 seconds uh for people to speak to them about the UFO reality. 59:51 59 minutes, 51 seconds And it was a very powerful event. And that was in 2013. That was only four years before the 2017 articles. Uh it 59:58 59 minutes, 58 seconds got nowhere, got absolutely nowhere. And the Washington Post, I remember, just ridiculed it. I mean, really shamefully ridiculed it. And uh and so it went, you 1:00:08 1 hour, 8 seconds know. So this this attempt has always been happening. What has changed is that 1:00:17 1 hour, 17 seconds people now because we have connectivity, we have the web, we've got this means of instantly communicating. Um I I really 1:00:24 1 hour, 24 seconds think you can see the results of that that it has been able to generate a stronger grassroots kind of momentum 1:00:34 1 hour, 34 seconds than had been the case before. I think that's a key difference that we're seeing now as opposed to then. Um, 1:00:44 1 hour, 44 seconds yeah, I I think it might just be as simple as that. Like it's it's just become difficult to contain 1:00:51 1 hour, 51 seconds the the growing number of voices now that are talking about this. 1:00:56 1 hour, 56 seconds So, uh, although what you still see is that we're in a strange situation where 1:01:05 1 hour, 1 minute, 5 seconds we have this establishment media that a lot of people don't even pay attention to. I mean, who really watches TV news? 1:01:15 1 hour, 1 minute, 15 seconds Who watches whether it's CNN or Fox or BBC news? Like, who really pays attention to that stuff? But, but there 1:01:23 1 hour, 1 minute, 23 seconds are people who do. And the power system does. And and I think actually those legacy media 1:01:31 1 hour, 1 minute, 31 seconds systems have more power than a lot of people still want to recognize. Yes, we're in an era of podcast. We're in an era of YouTube and and those get way 1:01:39 1 hour, 1 minute, 39 seconds more views than what the establishment gets. Nevertheless, I'll give you an example. Last summer, 1:01:47 1 hour, 1 minute, 47 seconds the Wall Street Journal put out two just excraably bad articles on UAP. 1:01:55 1 hour, 1 minute, 55 seconds Terrible. Truly terrible. 1:01:58 1 hour, 1 minute, 58 seconds And I think it would have been totally forgotten except for the fact that if you're the Wall Street Journal, you know who your audience is? It's not ordinary people. 1:02:09 1 hour, 2 minutes, 9 seconds Your audience are the power elite. Your audience are members of Congress. Your audience are those those people. And 1:02:16 1 hour, 2 minutes, 16 seconds those articles were designed, I believe, to intimidate members of Congress in advance of the upcoming UAP vote again, 1:02:23 1 hour, 2 minutes, 23 seconds the UAP um, you know, disclosure act, which was always coming up every year. 1:02:28 1 hour, 2 minutes, 28 seconds And I think it was just an act of intimidation. I think it worked, too, by the way. So, so the legacy media is 1:02:34 1 hour, 2 minutes, 34 seconds still very powerful. Um, and it seems to me that, 1:02:42 1 hour, 2 minutes, 42 seconds you know, our community, we we still we need to keep growing our grassroots voice. Absolutely. But I think it's a 1:02:52 1 hour, 2 minutes, 52 seconds mistake if we just write off and ignore the legacy media as unimportant. I think they're actually quite important. and 1:03:00 1 hour, 3 minutes uh getting dissident factions from within then or within that culture on board would be a 1:03:09 1 hour, 3 minutes, 9 seconds very good win and and I think just like within the power structure itself so too in the legacy media there there probably 1:03:18 1 hour, 3 minutes, 18 seconds are dissident factions that exist. uh no culture is monolithic. Not not the dying US empire, not uh its political system 1:03:27 1 hour, 3 minutes, 27 seconds and not its media. So I think we might be well served to um source out 1:03:36 1 hour, 3 minutes, 36 seconds any sympathetic voices from that. you know, uh, one good example was Tucker Carlson when he was over at Fox, uh, before they obviously they fired him. 1:03:46 1 hour, 3 minutes, 46 seconds But uh it it was quite remarkable for for having someone of that level of stature 1:03:53 1 hour, 3 minutes, 53 seconds and international uh sway from a major 1:04:00 1 hour, 4 minutes global media entity which Fox is and to be talking the way he has the way he did 1:04:07 1 hour, 4 minutes, 7 seconds then as about UFOs as as something real and something serious. That was incredible. You know, some people love Tucker Carlson, some people hate him, 1:04:15 1 hour, 4 minutes, 15 seconds but my goodness, uh, the impact that he had while at Fox, I think he still has 1:04:23 1 hour, 4 minutes, 23 seconds impact now, but it's a little different now. You know, he's now he's private. 1:04:28 1 hour, 4 minutes, 28 seconds Now he he's influential, but when he was at Fox saying the things he did, I think that was incredibly powerful. And there's 1:04:36 1 hour, 4 minutes, 36 seconds really no one in the major legacy media that is like that. But it's not saying it can't be the case in the future. So I 1:04:44 1 hour, 4 minutes, 44 seconds think that type of thing would be very important to develop. 1:04:48 1 hour, 4 minutes, 48 seconds Absolutely. Yeah. Really would. It really would. Now Richard, before I let you go, I suppose you know we've mentioned or you've mentioned a lot of great names historically there, great 1:04:56 1 hour, 4 minutes, 56 seconds authors, great books. So a lot to give people watching who may want to go and do do something and and look into this 1:05:02 1 hour, 5 minutes, 2 seconds this history that that's so rich. But if you had any advice, any dos or don'ts in particular to anyone who really wanted to get into researching this, maybe more 1:05:12 1 hour, 5 minutes, 12 seconds from a historical point of view, what would you say to them? Wonderful question, Vinnie. Thank you for asking it. 1:05:18 1 hour, 5 minutes, 18 seconds Um, you know, when when we are especially in an era now where there's a tendency 1:05:26 1 hour, 5 minutes, 26 seconds at least in some places, I think for people to talk about your truth and my truth and this truth and that truth. I don't think it's a very healthy attitude 1:05:35 1 hour, 5 minutes, 35 seconds about truth. Uh the reason we argue about things like the Kennedy assassination or 911 or UFOs is because 1:05:42 1 hour, 5 minutes, 42 seconds we all in or or COVID, right? We all assume there is a truth there and we're all trying to understand what that truth 1:05:49 1 hour, 5 minutes, 49 seconds is. So, so um the pursuit of of what is true is very important and for that it's 1:05:58 1 hour, 5 minutes, 58 seconds it's critical for any researcher of this phenomenon to know their facts and I I know it sounds it's can be boring it can 1:06:07 1 hour, 6 minutes, 7 seconds be like a lot of tedious work but knowing like a simple thing what happened then what happened then what 1:06:15 1 hour, 6 minutes, 15 seconds happened and then what happened and on and on and on like that is important to know. Um it's important to have a very 1:06:25 1 hour, 6 minutes, 25 seconds good grasp of the historical narrative of this subject. The the subject did not start 1:06:32 1 hour, 6 minutes, 32 seconds with the 2004 tic tac UFO which we often feel like when people talk about it it's 1:06:40 1 hour, 6 minutes, 40 seconds like wow that was our first UFO sighting. Well, no. There was an entire 20th century of incredible, 1:06:47 1 hour, 6 minutes, 47 seconds monumental, shocking UFO encounters uh by private civilians and by military people in small groups, in large groups. 1:06:56 1 hour, 6 minutes, 56 seconds I mean, you name it. So, it is it is a very good idea for any would be serious 1:07:05 1 hour, 7 minutes, 5 seconds researcher like you've got to learn the foundation. what is the foundation of knowledge of this subject? Uh, one thing 1:07:14 1 hour, 7 minutes, 14 seconds that I I actually I haven't done this publicly, but I did for my website privately is I'm in a an effort to redefine eupfology 1:07:22 1 hour, 7 minutes, 22 seconds uh uh as a as a whole. And let me just say I'll I'll do a uh a public treatment of this in the near future. I believe 1:07:31 1 hour, 7 minutes, 31 seconds what constitutes eupfology is many many many things. 1:07:40 1 hour, 7 minutes, 40 seconds Euphology is not just one thing. It is, you know, for me it was initially the study of the the cover up and the 1:07:49 1 hour, 7 minutes, 49 seconds politics of it and and that's still perhaps more than the other areas still draws me the most. But there are many 1:07:56 1 hour, 7 minutes, 56 seconds other areas of this. First of all, there's the case history just like knowing what are the what is the foundational 1:08:04 1 hour, 8 minutes, 4 seconds what are the foundational UFO cases that we have. There are many of them. You can you can start with pardon me. You can start with a small core of them or you 1:08:12 1 hour, 8 minutes, 12 seconds can start with a large go larger and larger. Uh but then there's looking at this um from the perspective of human 1:08:20 1 hour, 8 minutes, 20 seconds psychology and sociology. There's understanding this from the perspective of how do you uh study this 1:08:29 1 hour, 8 minutes, 29 seconds scientifically? How what are the methodologies that one should employ in researching a fresh UFO case? you know, the stuff 1:08:38 1 hour, 8 minutes, 38 seconds that like Mufon, you know, talks about doing. Uh there's the science of these objects. How do they do what they do? 1:08:49 1 hour, 8 minutes, 49 seconds Like that's that's a rabbit hole you can go down for your entire lifetime. How do these objects operate? On what 1:08:55 1 hour, 8 minutes, 55 seconds principles do they do what they they seem to do? Uh there there's something that 1:09:03 1 hour, 9 minutes, 3 seconds I've been more and more drawn to over the last five even more than five years, 1:09:11 1 hour, 9 minutes, 11 seconds 10 years, is um what you might call xenology. Xenology with an X, which might be the the study of these other 1:09:19 1 hour, 9 minutes, 19 seconds beings in an anthropological manner. In other words, 1:09:26 1 hour, 9 minutes, 26 seconds my own uh my own sense is that we do have an ability to speculate intelligently about these beings. And it 1:09:34 1 hour, 9 minutes, 34 seconds doesn't mean that we have to anthropomorphize everything, but my own speculation at this point is that there may very well be 1:09:43 1 hour, 9 minutes, 43 seconds certain uh I don't want to say universal paths that life forms develop around in the universe, but but maybe something 1:09:51 1 hour, 9 minutes, 51 seconds like that. there may be certain guidelines that that life forms, especially intelligent ones, may have in common. 1:09:59 1 hour, 9 minutes, 59 seconds In any case, I think the study of their behavior, even if only seen through the behavior of the craft themselves or or 1:10:08 1 hour, 10 minutes, 8 seconds um encounters that people claim to have with these beings, whether through abduction or other forms of contact, like these are these are fair game at 1:10:17 1 hour, 10 minutes, 17 seconds least to consider. uh when we talk about these other beings and speaking of abductions that's a whole other aspect 1:10:24 1 hour, 10 minutes, 24 seconds of this phenomenon that uh you could spend and many have spent a lifetime engaging in u and if not always 1:10:32 1 hour, 10 minutes, 32 seconds abduction then some form of encounter that we are that people claim to have. 1:10:37 1 hour, 10 minutes, 37 seconds These are tricky areas because u one thing that comes to mind is a certain amount of cognitive manipulation that 1:10:44 1 hour, 10 minutes, 44 seconds goes on when we have an encounter with these beings. 1:10:48 1 hour, 10 minutes, 48 seconds Um, some people don't like to to acknowledge that we have cognitive manipulation. It's like, oh, that's a copout. I don't think it's a copout. I think I think these beings have the 1:10:57 1 hour, 10 minutes, 57 seconds ability to to screw with us, to mess with our minds. Um, but anyway, as far as advice, 1:11:06 1 hour, 11 minutes, 6 seconds you know, one thing that I I hope to do before too long, I mean, I'm I'm in the middle of 1:11:12 1 hour, 11 minutes, 12 seconds my USO uh trilogy here, but I think it would be helpful for myself and then anyone else is interested to kind of lay 1:11:21 1 hour, 11 minutes, 21 seconds out the the terrain of what could constitute euphology. And that that's something that I will be doing, I think, 1:11:27 1 hour, 11 minutes, 27 seconds in the near future. So, You know, you want to understand like what is this subject? What is its 1:11:34 1 hour, 11 minutes, 34 seconds foundation? What are the what's the primary cases that I need to know about? 1:11:39 1 hour, 11 minutes, 39 seconds What are the primary arguments pro and con that I should acquaint myself with 1:11:46 1 hour, 11 minutes, 46 seconds before before writing anything. You know, this is not 1:11:55 1 hour, 11 minutes, 55 seconds a subject that has a quick easy learning curve. 1:11:58 1 hour, 11 minutes, 58 seconds I'm you know this as well as anyone. You dive into this and then you my fond foolish belief in 1994 was I'll 1:12:08 1 hour, 12 minutes, 8 seconds spend I'm going to spend three months into this subject. I'm going to figure it out and move on. That's literally what I told myself uh all those years 1:12:18 1 hour, 12 minutes, 18 seconds ago. And that was that was quite naive on my part because I I learned I soon learned that this is a 1:12:27 1 hour, 12 minutes, 27 seconds deeply engaging subject that that needs to be taken seriously. You need to treat it with respect. 1:12:36 1 hour, 12 minutes, 36 seconds It's like imagine you're going on a a spiritual awakening journey in like 1:12:43 1 hour, 12 minutes, 43 seconds Tibet, you know? So you you go all the way up there, you climb the mountain, you go to a cave or a monastery or 1:12:51 1 hour, 12 minutes, 51 seconds wherever that you're going, and you you see the bald guy sitting cross-legged and he's meditating [laughter] and you go up to him and you say, "I demand to 1:12:59 1 hour, 12 minutes, 59 seconds know everything right now." Uh well, it doesn't work like that. That's not how knowledge comes, right? 1:13:07 1 hour, 13 minutes, 7 seconds You have to be ready for it. You need to do the work. You don't just walk up to Beethoven and say, "Teach me how to write a symphony like you do." Like, 1:13:16 1 hour, 13 minutes, 16 seconds it's not going to work. This is a subject that requires attention. It requires 1:13:24 1 hour, 13 minutes, 24 seconds uh humility and and the recognition that don't go into this thinking you've got all the answers. 1:13:32 1 hour, 13 minutes, 32 seconds That is probably a mistake. So take the time, be willing to be wrong more more 1:13:38 1 hour, 13 minutes, 38 seconds times than one and be careful and and also one thing that I I do like to say a 1:13:46 1 hour, 13 minutes, 46 seconds lot is uh don't react immediately to things like in other words there's there's always something going on in this field. 1:13:56 1 hour, 13 minutes, 56 seconds uh and especially if if you have a name in this field as you do as I do uh 1:14:04 1 hour, 14 minutes, 4 seconds there's always pressure on on those of us who have an audience have to respond to to the latest thing 1:14:13 1 hour, 14 minutes, 13 seconds to have a take and to you know to be smart in front of all these other people and and say and I I think that's a a really that's a dangerous road to go 1:14:21 1 hour, 14 minutes, 21 seconds down. It's like you're better off waiting. Take a breath. 1:14:27 1 hour, 14 minutes, 27 seconds Do a little background. Don't react to every little thing that comes up because all all you'll be doing then it's like 1:14:36 1 hour, 14 minutes, 36 seconds you just be like a pingpong ball in a wind tunnel. You just be bouncing off the walls with no with no direction of your own. First of all, you're going to be reacting to everything. 1:14:45 1 hour, 14 minutes, 45 seconds And that's not a good place to be. You know, one of my favorite writers, I have a picture of him on the wall, Ralph Waldo Emerson. I love Emerson. He lived 1:14:53 1 hour, 14 minutes, 53 seconds almost 200 years ago. He had big rocking sideburns and uh and he wrote a lot of articles and essays that are kind of 1:15:00 1 hour, 15 minutes cool. And one thing Emerson said was he said like at a certain point you just got to put the books away. At a certain 1:15:09 1 hour, 15 minutes, 9 seconds point you have to develop your own ideas. 1:15:12 1 hour, 15 minutes, 12 seconds And it's true. It's like at a certain point you don't want to just be reacting 1:15:19 1 hour, 15 minutes, 19 seconds to everything that's coming at you which comes at you at a you know thousand miles per hour now with every single 1:15:26 1 hour, 15 minutes, 26 seconds notification on our phone and and maybe we don't want to react to everything. 1:15:32 1 hour, 15 minutes, 32 seconds So, I'd say in the research field, slower is better. Uh, caution is better 1:15:42 1 hour, 15 minutes, 42 seconds than recklessness. Care is better than just having to race to be the first one to get something out. That's my own 1:15:49 1 hour, 15 minutes, 49 seconds opinion. And uh you know, slow and steady is is a better a better policy 1:15:57 1 hour, 15 minutes, 57 seconds than than rushing to get everything out on time, which if I can put a good face on it, that might be why my USO books are taking so damn long to get out. I 1:16:06 1 hour, 16 minutes, 6 seconds was going to get them all out. I thought in 2025. I honestly thought that at the beginning of of this year, and I and I 1:16:13 1 hour, 16 minutes, 13 seconds realize that was a a very unrealistic goal on my part. Uh, all the the cases are written, got them all done, but it 1:16:22 1 hour, 16 minutes, 22 seconds requires more than just having the cases done because I want these to be published and I want them to read beautifully and I and I don't want to have to uh fiddle around with them once 1:16:30 1 hour, 16 minutes, 30 seconds they're published either. I want them be to be really perfect. So, it takes a little time. So, um, yeah, no, don't rush, don't react, 1:16:39 1 hour, 16 minutes, 39 seconds don't feel like you have to have the answer to everything. If you don't know something, three words, I don't know. 1:16:44 1 hour, 16 minutes, 44 seconds Really useful. Really useful. Like we don't have to be the expert all the time even though the temptation is there. 1:16:52 1 hour, 16 minutes, 52 seconds It's always there and we just have to remember like we don't know everything. 1:16:56 1 hour, 16 minutes, 56 seconds Yeah. Some very wise words there. I hope everyone picks up on them. Richard, thank you so much. I really enjoyed this. I really enjoyed putting emphasis 1:17:04 1 hour, 17 minutes, 4 seconds back on that historical aspect of the phenomena. So, so I really appreciate your input on that. 1:17:09 1 hour, 17 minutes, 9 seconds I'm I'm always enjoying hanging out with you, Vinnie, and uh I'll be happy to do this again with you in the future. 1:17:15 1 hour, 17 minutes, 15 seconds Absolutely. when the next volume of the USO book comes out, we'll definitely have to jump back into that uh that area of the 1:17:22 1 hour, 17 minutes, 22 seconds I'm hoping I'm hoping in a month. I I am hoping. I mean, I I keep saying this and I shouldn't say it, but uh I'm I'm working on it. It's really close. 1:17:31 1 hour, 17 minutes, 31 seconds Wonderful. Thank you so much, Richard. Thank you. My best to your audience. Thank you.